Advaita Vedanta is one of the most influential and prominent philosophical schools in Hinduism. It is based on the teachings of Adi Shankara, a renowned Indian philosopher and theologian who lived in the 8th century CE. Advaita Vedanta espouses the concept of non-dualism, asserting that the ultimate reality, known as Brahman, is devoid of any differentiation or duality. This philosophy has had a profound impact on Indian spirituality, philosophy, and religious practices.
The term “Advaita” means “non-dual” or “not-two.” It implies the absence of any ultimate distinction or separation between the individual self (Atman) and the supreme reality (Brahman). According to Advaita Vedanta, the perceived duality and multiplicity in the world are illusory and stem from ignorance (avidya) or the mistaken identification with the body, mind, and ego.
The central teaching of Advaita Vedanta is the concept of Brahman, the ultimate reality. Brahman is described as the eternal, infinite, and all-pervading principle that underlies the entire universe. It is considered the unchanging and absolute reality that transcends all dualities and limitations. Brahman is beyond description or conceptualization, as it transcends all names, forms, and attributes.
Advaita Vedanta emphasizes that the true nature of the individual self (Atman) is identical to Brahman. It asserts that the self is not the limited, individual ego but the pure consciousness that underlies all experiences. According to this philosophy, the self is eternal, unchanging, and one with Brahman. The realization of this non-dual nature of the self and Brahman is the key to liberation (moksha) and the end of suffering.
The path of Advaita Vedanta is primarily a path of knowledge (jnana). It emphasizes the importance of self-inquiry and the direct realization of one’s true nature. The seeker is encouraged to question and investigate the nature of the self, the world, and the relationship between them. Through rigorous self-reflection and contemplation, one gradually transcends the illusion of duality and awakens to the truth of non-dual consciousness.
Advaita Vedanta recognizes the importance of scriptural study and spiritual practice in attaining liberation. The Upanishads, particularly the Mandukya Upanishad, serve as the primary source of knowledge and guidance. The study of scriptures, combined with the guidance of a qualified teacher (guru), helps the seeker gain a deeper understanding of the teachings and overcome ignorance.
Advaita Vedanta also emphasizes the practice of meditation and self-discipline as a means to purify the mind and cultivate inner stillness. Through practices such as mantra repetition (japa), concentration (dharana), and contemplation (nididhyasana), the seeker develops a one-pointed focus and expands their awareness beyond the limitations of the ego.
One of the distinguishing features of Advaita Vedanta is its methodology of logical analysis and reasoning. Adi Shankara, the founder of Advaita Vedanta, formulated a systematic approach to refute opposing philosophical viewpoints and establish the supremacy of non-dualism. His works, such as the commentaries on the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Brahma Sutras, present logical arguments and engage in intricate debates to establish the non-dual nature of reality.
Advaita Vedanta also addresses the nature of the phenomenal world and the concept of maya, the power of illusion. According to this philosophy, the world is an appearance projected by the power of maya, which veils the true nature of Brahman. Maya creates the sense of duality and multiplicity, making the world appear real and separate from the ultimate reality. However, in Advaita Vedanta, maya is considered an ontological illusion rather than a complete negation of reality. It is a superimposition on the substratum of Brahman, and its power is transcended through the realization of non-duality.
Advaita Vedanta has profound implications for practical living and ethics. It emphasizes the inherent unity and equality of all beings, as they are expressions of the same underlying reality. This understanding leads to compassion, tolerance, and the recognition of the interconnectedness of all life forms. Advaita Vedanta also encourages the practice of selfless service (seva) as a means to cultivate selflessness and dissolve the ego.
In summary, Advaita Vedanta is a philosophical system that teaches the non-dual nature of reality, asserting the ultimate identity of the individual self (Atman) and the supreme reality (Brahman). It emphasizes the direct realization of this non-dual truth through self-inquiry, scriptural study, meditation, and ethical living. Advaita Vedanta offers a profound perspective on the nature of existence, consciousness, and liberation, and continues to be a significant influence on spiritual seekers, scholars, and practitioners worldwide.