Phillis Wheatley, born around 1753 in West Africa, was kidnapped and enslaved at the tender age of seven. Despite her harrowing journey across the Atlantic and the oppressive conditions of slavery, Wheatley managed to overcome immense obstacles and become the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry. Her achievements not only paved the way for future African American writers but also challenged the prevailing stereotypes about the intellectual capabilities of enslaved people. This essay explores the life, works, and legacy of Phillis Wheatley, highlighting her indomitable spirit and lasting impact on American literature.
Early Life and Enslavement
Phillis Wheatley was born in present-day Gambia, Senegal, or Ghana and was kidnapped by slave traders at a young age. She was transported to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1761, where she was purchased by the Wheatley family. Recognizing her extraordinary intellect and potential, the Wheatleys provided her with an education, teaching her to read and write, which was highly unusual for an enslaved person during that time.
Literary Achievements
Poetic Beginnings
Phillis Wheatley’s talent for writing poetry became evident at an early age. She began composing poetry as a teenager, drawing inspiration from classical literature and the Bible. In 1767, at the age of fourteen, she wrote her first published poem, which appeared in the Newport Mercury newspaper. Her poems, often written in a classical style, explored themes such as religion, morality, and freedom.
Publication of “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral”
In 1773, Wheatley’s collection of poetry, titled “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral,” was published in London. This publication made her the first African American and one of the first women in America to have a book of poetry published. The collection included elegies, hymns, and odes that showcased her mastery of poetic techniques and her deep Christian faith. Her work received praise from notable figures, including George Washington.
Reception and Controversies
International Recognition
Wheatley’s poetry gained recognition not only in the American colonies but also in England. Her work appealed to both African American and white readers, and she became an inspiration for abolitionists and intellectuals. Her success as a published poet was extraordinary considering the social and racial barriers she faced as an enslaved woman.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite her remarkable achievements, Wheatley faced skepticism and doubt from some who questioned whether a formerly enslaved African woman could produce sophisticated literary work. Some critics even suggested that her poetry must have been ghostwritten by someone else. Nevertheless, Wheatley’s resilience and talent prevailed, and she continued to produce profound and influential poetry.
Abolitionist Activism and Legacy
Influence on Abolitionist Movement
Wheatley used her literary prowess to advocate for the abolition of slavery. Her poetry addressed themes of injustice, freedom, and equality. She corresponded with prominent abolitionists, such as Benjamin Rush and John Paul Jones, and her work played a significant role in shaping public opinion on the evils of slavery.
Legacy in American Literature
Phillis Wheatley’s contributions to American literature cannot be overstated. She opened doors for African American writers who followed in her footsteps, demonstrating that African Americans possessed intellectual and artistic abilities equal to their white counterparts. Her work challenged prevailing stereotypes and paved the way for the emergence of African American literary voices in the centuries that followed.
Conclusion
Phillis Wheatley’s life and work stand as a testament to the power of the human spirit to overcome adversity and make a lasting impact. As an enslaved African woman, she defied societal expectations and emerged as a literary pioneer, leaving an indelible mark on American literature. Her poetry, marked by its technical skill and profound themes, continues to inspire readers and scholars today. Phillis Wheatley’s legacy reminds us of the importance of embracing diverse voices and the enduring power of literature in shaping societal perceptions and driving change.